วันจันทร์ที่ 5 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2555
Doi Inthanon National Park
กระชับรูขุมขนด้วยวิธีธรรมชาติ
วันเสาร์ที่ 22 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2555
Localism in Thailand
The chief proponent of localism in Thailand or moso (Moderation society) is King Bhumibol Adulyadej's "the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy". The foundations of King Bhumibol's theory included sustainability, moderation and broad-based development. The Learning Centre of King Bhumibol’s Philosophy of Economic Sufficiency claimed the concept focused on living a moderate, self-dependent life without greed or overexploitation of, for example, natural resources.
According to a leaked top secret telegraph from the US Ambassador in Thailand to the US Secretary of State, the tenets of Sufficiency Economy are "vague and malleable" and its popularity stems from “public reluctance to criticize anything associated with the revered King.”
After a coup d'état, the military junta claimed that the policies of deposed Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra were inconsistent with the theory. The preamble of the junta's new constitution stated that promotion of self-sufficiency was one of the fundamental roles of the state.
The Junta-appointed Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont pledged to allocate 10 billion baht (almost US$300 million) for projects to promote well-being in line with King Bhumibol's sufficiency economy principle. He made the pledge while participating in King Bhumibol's 80th birthday celebrations.
In 2007, the Democrat Party-run Bangkok Metropolitan Administration gave away a million baht to each city community that joined the ”Self-sufficiency Community Plan According to His Majesty the King’s Self-sufficiency Initiative.”
Foreigners were for the most part left confused. After a meeting with Ministry of Finance officials where the need for more sufficiency was explained, Standard & Poor's director of sovereign ratings noted, "No one knows what [sufficiency economy] really means." The Asia Times noted that "There is a concurrent risk that the royal philosophy will be twisted by less scrupulous government officials as an opportunity to abuse their authority for rent-seeking and extortion, particularly among foreign-invested concerns". NGO activists hoping to use Sufficiency Economy theory to oppose the construction of large-scale dams were sharply criticized by Bhumibol, a long-time advocate of dam construction, who claimed that the deforestation caused by dams was necessary to provide consistent energy and water sources for farmers.
Philosophy
"...The development of the country must be fostered in stages. It must start with the construction of infrastructure, that is, the provision of food and basic necessities for the people by methods which are economic, cautious and conforming with principles. Once the foundation is firmly established, progress can be continually, carefully and economically promoted. This approach will prevent incurring mistakes and failures, and lead to the certain and complete achievement of the objectives..."—H.M. the King Speech at Kasetsart University Commencement Ceremony on 19th July 1974.
The Sufficiency Economy is not a theory about how the economy of a country works, but rather a guide to making decisions that will produce outcomes that are beneficial to development. Also, The NESDB has the definition of the philosophy that - Sufficiency Economy is a philosophy that stresses the middle path as an overriding principle for appropriate conduct by the populace at all levels. This applies to conduct starting from the level of the families, communities, as well as the level of nation in development and administration so as to modernize in line with the forces ofglobalization. “Sufficiency” means moderation, reasonableness, and the need of self-immunity for sufficient protection from impact arising from internal and external changes. To achieve this, an application of knowledge with due consideration and prudence is essential. In particular great care is needed in the utilization of theories and methodologies for planning and implementation in every step. At the same time, it is essential to strengthen the moral fiber of the nation, so that everyone, particularly public officials, academics, and business people at all levels, adhere first and foremost to the principles of honesty and integrity. In addition, a way of life based on patience, perseverance, diligence, wisdom and prudence is indispensable to create balance and be able to cope appropriately with critical challenges arising from extensive and rapid socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural changes in the world.
Criticism of the philosophy
There have been the efforts by military junta government to incorporate the King's 'Sufficiency Economy' (Localism) in the national economic policy. Thai critics are generally careful to direct their comments towards the military junta government, rather than the King, out of fear of prosecuation for lèse majesté. Consequently, such criticism is often phrased as inneffective application rather than disagreement in principle. Nonetheless, common points of disagreement include:
- The philosophy is not consistent with the reality of Thailand economic development, and
- Nobody understands it and there are several vague interpretation.
Investment and Loan
Investment.
Sufficiency economy is designed to cover the weaknesses in the capitalism, i.e. the philosophy alone cannot be used solely, but can be a complement to capitalism.For example, the philosophy states that one must consider the investment at low risk, avoid the investment that possess the potential of over-finance. This idea is not new, but has already been in the financial textbook (close to the concepts in finance: Liquid ratio, acid ratio, debt-capitol ratio, etc.).Loan.
Another example in the philosophy: one must save money enough before investment, and not overinvest such that one becomes deep in debt. Some believe this idea is in conflict with the concepts of economy of scale and economy of scope in economics and the exploitation of future demand.Resource
Self-sufficiency economy (Localism) offers the idea of limited productions for the purpose of saving the environment and scarce resources. The production is limited to the level that adequate for individual consumption the excess of the consumption will be for sale. This gives rise to the problems according to the four conditions of the availability of resources: abundance; scarcity; and nonrenewable resources.Scarce resources and nonrenewable resources
The philosophy emphasizes these two conditions of the availability of resources. The philosophy implies that resources and production are for individual consumption, and the excess of the consumption would be for sales.Social class and resource consumption
The philosophy holds that the rich can consume as much resource as they like if their consumptions do not incur loan. In contrary, the poor should consume resources only at the level that do not incur any loan.Media Criticism
Asia Times Online has published an article that analyzes the Thai military junta government's economic policy that is fully influenced by the King's self-sufficient philosophy . The article notices the unexpected, rather bold step in Thailand economic development of the military junta government, endorsed by the King, that willingly responds to the King's philosophy. The article criticizes the philosophy as being so new as to have no academic ground and no empirical approval. As a consequence, any misstep, whether improper interpretation from the philosophy to be economic policy or the unaudited practices, would have caused the Thai economy's demise. The article also claimed that the protectionism that the Thai government has used will disperse foreign investors and reduce short term cash flow from outside the country.The article emphasizes the contradiction between capitalism and self-sufficient economics, which favors long-term economic alignment with what is environmentally friendly, this being the main principle in the philosophy, particularly in less-regulated markets. The Thai model of sustainability is slightly different than Western sustainable development models. In the Western concept of sustainable development, the force that drives the will to protect the environment comes from society's long-term needs. In the Thai model, the driving force comes from the basic human psychological state of need. This psychological state of need can be refined through a far-sighted government education of the public. The other name for localism in Thailand is called "Buddhist Economics".The philosophy has been demonstrated by Pridiyathorn Devakula, Thai Minister of Finance, who proclaims he is a supporter of the King's self-sufficiency economy, or Localism. Examples of his policies that follow the King's philosophy of sufficiency economy are: limiting foreign companies investments, a practice that enormously reduces the liquidity of the Thai economy; regulation and investigation of foreigners' sources of funds; and capital controls that allegedly destroyed US$20 billion of market value in one day. As a consequence of capital controls and investigations into foreign investors, the World Trade Organization (WTO) sent negative feedback to Thailand which cast doubt on the ability of Thailand to continue to be a WTO member . The prime ministerSurayud Chulanont, who also proclaims the King's localism, has called for the former minister of commerce Somkid Jatusripitak, who is pro-capitalism, to return to the service of the country.An article appearing in the Bangkok Post on 22 February 2007 noted that Somkid Jatusripitak, who had been the finance minister in the previous Thaksin-led government, resigned his new position as spokesman for the sufficiency economy within days of being appointed. His appointment to the position had been heavily criticized, and Mr. Somkid said that he resigned in order to prevent ongoing divisions in Thai society.The Bangkok Post reported on 23 February 2007 that there is now discussion about whether the committee drafting the new constitution should include language defining Thailand's economic policy. The previous constitution, drafted in 1997, had identified capitalism and free markets as the Thai economic philosophy.One example of the Thai government's application of the King's self-sufficient philosophy is in promoting the use of local currency. The use of "Bea-Kud-Shum" as a local currency in specific parts of rural Thailand was endorsed by the Thai government in August 2006, in spite of the fact that the use of this currency instead of the standard Thai 'Baht' had been deemed illegal previous to this. This example also shows the difficulties of applying the philosophy, in that by using local currency such as "Bea-Kud-Shum", the currency itself is exempted from tax collection and can therefore interfere with the tax system.
วันจันทร์ที่ 17 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2555
แม่น้ำน่าน
ส้นทางแม่น้ำ
แม่น้ำน่านไหลจากอำเภอเฉลิมพระเกียรติ อำเภอทุ่งช้าง อำเภอเชียงกลาง อำเภอปัว อำเภอท่าวังผา อำเภอเมืองน่าน อำเภอภูเพียง อำเภอเวียงสา อำเภอนาน้อยผ่านมาทางอำเภอนาหมื่น จังหวัดน่านและถูกกั้นด้วยเขื่อนสิริกิติ์ ที่อำเภอท่าปลา จังหวัดอุตรดิตถ์ จากนั้นไหลผ่านอำเภอเมืองอุตรดิตถ์ อำเภอตรอน อำเภอพิชัย ลงมายังอำเภอพรหมพิราม อำเภอเมืองพิษณุโลก แล้วไหลผ่านอำเภอเมืองพิจิตร อำเภอตะพานหิน อำเภอบางมูลนาก รวมกับแม่น้ำยม ที่ตำบลเกยไชย อำเภอชุมแสงจังหวัดนครสวรรค์ แล้วไหลไปรวมกับแม่น้ำปิง ที่ตำบลแควใหญ่ อำเภอเมืองนครสวรรค์ จังหวัดนครสวรรค์ เป็นแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา
เขื่อนที่สำคัญในลุ่มแม่น้ำน่าน
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 23 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2555
Schengen Visa Application
The purpose of the visit must be leisure, tourism, or business. Upon the issuance of the visa, the visa holder is allowed to enter all member countries and travel freely throughout the Schengen area. It is strongly recommended to plan your journey within the timeframe of the Schengen Visa as extensions can be very difficult to obtain, thus forcing you to leave to stay in compliance with the Schengen rules and regulations. A Schengen visa allows the holder to travel freely within the Schengen countries for a maximum stay of up to 90 days in a 6 month period. The first step in the application process is to Apply the Schengen Application Guide.
| The following 25 countries are Schengen Visa members: |
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
Important: The Schengen Visa holders are not allowed to live permanently or work in Europe. Schengen Visa holder only have the right to travel as a temporary visitor to the member
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 21 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (or Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids including beta carotene) is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is necessary for both low-light (scotopic vision) and color vision. Vitamin A also functions in a very different role as an irreversibly oxidized form of retinol known as retinoic acid, which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.
In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an ester, primarily retinyl palmitate, which is converted to the retinol (chemically an alcohol) in the small intestine. The retinol form functions as a storage form of the vitamin, and can be converted to and from its visually active aldehyde form, retinal. The associated acid (retinoic acid), a metabolite that can be irreversibly synthesized from vitamin A, has only partial vitamin A activity, and does not function in the retina for the visual cycle.
All forms of vitamin A have a beta-ionone ring to which an isoprenoid chain is attached, called a retinyl group. Both structural features are essential for vitamin activity. The orange pigment of carrots – beta-carotene – can be represented as two connected retinyl groups, which are used in the body to contribute to vitamin A levels. Alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene also have a single retinyl group, which give them some vitamin activity. None of the other carotenes have vitamin activity. The carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin possesses an ionone group and has vitamin activity in humans.
Vitamin A can be found in two principal forms in foods:
Retinol, the form of vitamin A absorbed when eating animal food sources, is a yellow, fat-soluble substance. Since the pure alcohol form is unstable, the vitamin is found in tissues in a form of retinyl ester. It is also commercially produced and administered as esters such as retinyl acetate or palmitate.
The carotenes alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene; and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all of which contain beta-ionone rings), but no other carotenoids, function as vitamin A in herbivores and omnivore animals, which possess the enzyme required to convert these compounds to retinal. In general, carnivores are poor converters of ionine-containing carotenoids, and pure carnivores such as cats and ferrets lack beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase and cannot convert any carotenoids to retinal (resulting in none of the carotenoids being forms of vitamin A for these species).
In some studies, the use of Vitamin A supplements has been linked to an increased rate mortality,but there is minimal evidence to show this.
HistoryThe discovery of vitamin A may have stemmed from research dating back to 1906, indicating that factors other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary to keep cattle healthy. By 1917 one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University. Since "water-soluble factor B" (vitamin B) had recently been discovered, the researchers chose the name "fat-soluble factor A" (vitamin A). In 1919, Steenbock (University of Wisconsin) proposed a relationship between yellow plant pigments (beta-carotene) and vitamin A. Vitamin A was first synthesized in 1947 by two Dutch chemists, David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens.
Equivalencies of retinoids and carotenoids (IU)As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is equivalent to a particular amount of retinol, so that comparisons can be made of the benefit of different foods. The situation can be confusing because the accepted equivalences have changed. For many years, a system of equivalencies in which an international unit (IU) was equal to 0.3 μg of retinol, 0.6 μg of β-carotene, or 1.2 μg of other provitamin-A carotenoids was used. Later, a unit called retinol equivalent (RE) was introduced. Prior to 2001, one RE corresponded to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg β-carotene dissolved in oil (it is only partly dissolved in most supplement pills, due to very poor solubility in any medium), 6 μg β-carotene in normal food (because it is not absorbed as well as when in oils), and 12 μg of either α-carotene, γ-carotene, or β-cryptoxanthin in food.
Newer research has shown that the absorption of provitamin-A carotenoids is only half as much as previously thought. As a result, in 2001 the US Institute of Medicine recommended a new unit, the retinol activity equivalent (RAE). Each μg RAE corresponds to 1 μg retinol, 2 μg of β-carotene in oil, 12 μg of "dietary" beta-carotene, or 24 μg of the three other dietary provitamin-A carotenoids.
Because the conversion of retinol from provitamin carotenoids by the human body is actively regulated by the amount of retinol available to the body, the conversions apply strictly only for vitamin A-deficient humans. The absorption of provitamins depends greatly on the amount of lipids ingested with the provitamin; lipids increase the uptake of the provitamin.
The conclusion that can be drawn from the newer research is that fruits and vegetables are not as useful for obtaining vitamin A as was thought; in other words, the IUs that these foods were reported to contain were worth much less than the same number of IUs of fat-dissolved oils and (to some extent) supplements. This is important for vegetarians, as night blindness is prevalent in countries where little meat or vitamin A-fortified foods are available.
A sample vegan diet for one day that provides sufficient vitamin A has been published by the Food and Nutrition Board (page 120). On the other hand, reference values for retinol or its equivalents, provided by the National Academy of Sciences, have decreased. The RDA (for men) of 1968 was 5000 IU (1500 μg retinol). In 1974, the RDA was set to 1000 RE (1000 μg retinol), whereas now the Dietary Reference Intake is 900 RAE (900 μg or 3000 IU retinol). This is equivalent to 1800 μg of β-carotene supplement (3000 IU) or 10800 μg of β-carotene in food (18000 IU)
(The limit is for synthetic and natural retinol ester forms of vitamin A. Carotene forms from dietary sources are not toxic.)
According to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, "RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98%) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevents being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake."
วันอาทิตย์ที่ 10 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555
April Fools' Day
This article is about the informal holiday. For other uses, see April Fool's Day (disambiguation) or April Fool. April Fools' Day An "April Fool" hoax in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2001, featuring its new metro Also called All Fools' Day Type Cultural, Western Significance Practical pranks Date April 1 Observances Humour April Fools' Day is celebrated in different countries on April 1 every year. Sometimes referred to as All Fools' Day, April 1 is not a national holiday, but is widely recognized and celebrated as a day when people play practical jokes and hoaxes on each other. In France and Italy, children and adults traditionally tack paper fish on each other's back as a trick and shout "April fish!" in their local languages (poisson d'avril! and pesce d'aprile! in French and Italian, respectively). The earliest recorded association between April 1 and foolishness can be found in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1392). Many writers suggest that the restoration of January 1 as New Year's Day in the 16th century was responsible for the creation of the holiday, but this theory does not explain earlier references. Other prank days in the world : Iranians play jokes on each other on the 13th day of the Persian new year (Norouz), which falls on April 1 or April 2. This day, celebrated as far back as 536 BC ,is called Sizdah Bedar and is the oldest prank-tradition in the world still alive today; this fact has led many to believe that April Fools' Day has its origins in this tradition. The April 1 tradition in France, Romandy and French-speaking Canada includes poisson d'avril (literally "April's fish"), attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. This is also widespread in other nations, such as Italy, where the term Pesce d'aprile (literally "April's fish") is also used to refer to any jokes done during the day. In Spanish-speaking countries, similar pranks are practiced on December 28, día de los Santos Inocentes, the "Day of the Holy Innocents". This custom also exists in certain areas of Belgium, including the province of Antwerp. The Flemish tradition is for children to lock out their parents or teachers, only letting them in if they promise to bring treats the same evening or the next day. Under the Joseon dynasty of Korea, the royal family and courtiers were allowed to lie and fool each other, regardless of their hierarchy, on the first snowy day of the year. They would stuff snow inside bowls and send it to the victim of the prank with fake excuses. The recipient of the snow was thought to be a loser in the game and had to grant a wish of the sender. Because pranks were not deliberately planned, they were harmless and were often done as benevolence towards royal servants.[citation needed] In Poland, prima aprilis ("April 1" in Latin) is a day full of jokes; various hoaxes are prepared by people, media (which sometimes cooperate to make the "information" more credible) and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided. This conviction is so strong that the anti-Turkish alliance with Leopold I signed on April 1, 1683, was backdated to March 31. In Scotland, April Fools' Day is traditionally called Hunt-the-Gowk Day ("gowk" is Scots for a cuckoo or a foolish person), although this name has fallen into disuse. The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message requesting help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile". The recipient, upon reading it, will explain he can only help if he first contacts another person, and sends the victim to this person with an identical message, with the same result.[9] In Denmark, May 1 is known as "Maj-kat", meaning "May-cat", and is also a joking day. May 1 is also celebrated in Sweden as an alternative joking day. When someone has been fooled in Sweden, to disclose that it was a joke, the fooler says the rhyme "April April din dumma sill, jag kan lura dig vart jag vill" (April, April, you stupid herring, I can fool you to wherever I want") for April 1 jokes, or "Maj maj måne, jag kan lura dig till Skåne" (May May moon, I can fool you into Scania) for May 1 jokes. Both Danes and Swedes also celebrate April Fools' Day ("aprilsnar" in Danish). Pranks on May 1, are much less frequent. Most Swedish news media outlets will publish exactly one false story on April 1, for newspapers this will typically be a first-page article but not the top headline. In Spain and Ibero-America, an equivalent date is December 28, Christian day of celebration of the Massacre of the Innocents. The Christian celebration is a holiday in its own right, a religious one, but the tradition of pranks is not, though the latter is observed yearly. After somebody plays a joke or a prank on somebody else, the joker usually cries out, in some regions of Ibero-America: "Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar" ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled"). In Spain, it is common to say just "Inocente!" (which in Spanish can mean "Innocent!", but also "Gullible!"). Nevertheless, on the Spanish island of Minorca, "Dia d'enganyar" ("Fooling day") is celebrated on April 1 because Menorca was a British possession during part of the 18th century.
cicada-market-ตลาดจั๊กจั่น
จุดเด่น : นักท่องเที่ยวทราบหรือไม่ครับว่า ในปัจจุบัน หัวหินได้มีแหล่งท่องเที่ยวเกิดขึ้นใหม่แล้ว......ถูกแล้วครับ แหล่งท่องเที่ยวที่ผมจะบอกก็คือตลาดจักจั่น ซึ่งตลาดจักจั่นแห่งนี้เป็น แหล่งรวบรวมชิ้นงานศิลปะร่วมสมัยแขนงต่างๆ รวมถึงสิ่งประดิษฐ์ งานแฮนด์เมด ของตกแต่งบ้าน เสื้อผ้า สิ่งของเครื่องใช้มือสอง สินค้า เอสเอ็มอีที่มีแนวคิดสร้างสรรค์ เพื่อนำมาแสดงและจำหน่ายในสไตล์เปิดเสื่ออีกทั้งตลาดจักจั่นยังมีการเปิดให้นักท่องเที่ยวได้ร่วมทำกิจกรรม work shops จากชมรม ต่างๆ เช่น กลุ่มเล่านิทาน กลุ่มละคร กลุ่มเต้นรำ กลุ่มถ่ายภาพ กลุ่มนักแสดงเปิดหมวก ฯลฯ เป็นต้น จึงทำให้ตลาดจักจั่น เริ่มเป็นที่รู้จักกับนักท่องเที่ยวมากขึ้น หลายคนอาจจะสงสัยนะครับว่า ตลาดจักจั่นมีที่มาอย่างไร ผมจะมาเล่าให้ฟัะนะครับ
รายละเอียด : ตลาดจักจั่น ตลาดแห่งนี้เกิดขึ้นก็เพราะว่า ในปัจจุบัน หัวหิน เป็นเมืองตากอากาศที่มีการขยายตัวทางเศรษฐกิจอย่างรวดเร็ว โดยสังเกตได้จากอัตราของนักท่องเที่ยวที่มีแนวโน้มเพิ่มขึ้นทุกปีๆ โดยเฉพาะนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย การที่มีนักท่องเที่ยวเพิ่มขึ้นนั้น มันก็ดี ครับ แต่ว่า ก็มีผลเสียเหมือนกัน เช่น ความต้อง การในเรื่องของที่พัก กิจกรรม สันทนาการ และแหล่งท่องเที่ยวต่างๆ ยังมีไม่เพียงพอ หรือ รองรับ ความต้องการของนักท่องเที่ยวที่เพิ่มมากขึ้น เรื่อยๆ ในแต่ละปี จึงทำให้วงจรการท่องเที่ยวของหัวหินในแต่ละครั้งเกิดความซ้ำ มีรูปแบบที่จำกัด อันจะนำไปสู่ความเบื่อหน่ายที่สามารถเกิดขึ้นต่อนักท่องเที่ยวได้ ตลาดจักจั่น จึงเกิดขึ้นมา โคยใช้ชื่อโครงการที่ว่า โครงการ The Cicada Market หรือที่เรียกกันทั่วไปว่า "ตลาดจักจั่น" ภายใต้การจับมือกันของ บริษัท ศศิอำไพ ลีเชอร์ บิซิเนส จำกัด และการท่องเที่ยวแห่งประเทศไทย สำนักงานประจวบคิรีขันธ์ โตยมีแนวความคิดที่ว่า “Open Mind & Open Mat: เปิด เสื่อ-เปิดใจ-เปิดไอเดีย” ซึ่งโครงการนี้ฯ ถูกสร้างสรรค์ขึ้น โดยอาศัยการบูรณาการระหว่างศิลปะร่วมกับไลฟ์สไตล์ที่เป็นสื่อกลางในการเชื่อมต่อระหว่างผู้สร้างสรรค์ นักท่องเที่ยว นักเรียน นักศึกษา ชุมชน ให้ตอบสนองและสามารถเข้าถึงกันได้อย่างมีเสรีภาพ ท่ามกลางบรรยากาศ Tropical Garden อันร่มรื่นด้วยพันธุ์ไม้งาม อายุร่วมร้อยปีบนพื้นที่เกือบ 10 ไร่ของหัวหิน ซึ่งสวนแห่งนี้ เป็นบ้านพักตากอากาศอายุเก่าแก่กว่า 60 ปี ของ "หลวงยุกตเสวีวิวัฒน์" บิดาของ "ท่านผู้หญิงสุมาลี จาติกวนิช" และ "คุณนิด-สุพัฒนา อาทรไผท" มาเป็นสวนอันร่มรื่นไปด้วยแมกไม้เขียวขจี เพื่อให้ชาว หัวหิน ได้ผ่อนคลายอย่างสบายอารมณ์ ตลาดจักจั่นนี้จัดตั้งขึ้น โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์ที่สำคัญคือ 1. เพื่อสร้างพื้นที่ถาวรสำหรับแหล่งท่องเที่ยวเชิงอนุรักษ์ด้านศิลปะ วัฒนธรรมและสิ่งแวดล้อม 2. เพื่อสร้างพื้นที่นัดพบระหว่างผู้ซื้อและผู้สร้างสรรค์ชิ้นงานศิลปะ ประเภทต่างๆ 3. เพื่อสร้างรายได้ให้กับกลุ่มนักเรียน นิสิต นักศึกษาที่ศึกษาทางด้านศิลปะมีพื้นที่ในการแสดงผลงาน แก่สาธารณชนมากขึ้น รวมถึงการสร้างรายได้ให้กับประชาคม ท้องถิ่น นักท่องเที่ยวอาจจะสงสัยนะครับว่าทำไมต้องชื่อ ตลาดจักจั่น คำว่า "จักจั่น" ที่ส่งเสียงร้องทุกครั้งเมื่อแสงตะวันพลบค่ำต่ำลงในช่วงฤดูร้อนท่ามกลางบรรยากาศของสวนที่รายล้อมร่มรื่นด้วยพันธุ์ไม้ใหญ่ ที่ขนานนามและเรียกตัวเองว่า “สวนศรี” ที่สว่างไสวจากดวงไฟที่ตกแต่งประดับประดา รอรับกับกระแสเสียงของจักจั่นที่ดังก้องอยู่ทั่วจากศิลปินตัวน้อยอย่างจักจั่นที่ดุจ คล้ายจะนัดหมายกันมาประโคมเพื่อประโลมแก่กันและกัน ซึ่งจักจั่น ตัวน้อยเหล่านี้ ยากนักที่จะหาเสียงใดมากลบลบความกึกก้องนั้นลงได้ ขนาดเสียงที่ดังก้อง กังวานนั้นต่างตรงข้ามกันกับรูปลักษณ์ขนาดที่น้อยนิดของตัวจักจั่นได้อย่างสิ้นเชิง การส่งเสียงร้องของจักจั่นไม่จำเพาะแค่นัยแห่งการหาคู่เท่านั้น หากแต่ท่วง ทำนองของเสียงร้องยังสื่อไปในความหมายอื่นอีก เช่น ส่งเสียงเพื่อการคัดค้าน ส่งเสียงเพื่อความพึงพอใจ ส่งเสียงเพื่อการข่มขู่หรือป้องกันตัว เป็นต้น ซึ่งถ้าฟังแล้ว การที่จักจั่นร้องนั้น เสียงที่ร้องออกไป จะไม่ค่อยมีความแตกต่าง ๆ แต่สำหรับตัวพวกมันเอง แล้ว ไม่ใช่เรื่องที่ยากเลยที่จะแยกแยะว่า เสียงไหนที่จะร้องด้วยเจตนาใด ก็เสมือนกับความคิด และความสามารถของปัจเจกชนที่มีอัตลักษณ์ และอัตลักษณ์ในแต่ละปัจเจกชนนี้ก็สามารถสร้างพลังในทางสร้างสรรค์ร่วมกันได้ โดยยึด บริบททางศิลปะและวัฒนธรรมเป็นเครื่องช่วยยกระดับจิตใจของผู้คน เพื่อสร้างความเสถียรภาพกลับคืนสู่สังคมด้วย ครับ........จึงทำให้ปัจจุบัน ตลาดจักจั่นได้ กลายเป็นแหล่งท่องเที่ยวแห่งใหม่ของ อำเภอหัวหิน ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ แล้ว และผมเชื่อว่า ตลาดจักจั่นแห่งนี้ จะมีนักท่องเที่ยว ต่างพากันหลั่งใหล ไปเป็นจำนวนไม่ น้อย เมื่อเทียบ กับแหล่งท่องเที่ยวอื่นๆ ของหัวหินแลยทีเดียวเงื่อนไข : การเดินทาง รถยนต์ ใช้เส้นทางสายธนบุรี-ปากท่อ ทางหลวงหมายเลข 35 ผ่านจังหวัดสมุทรสาคร สมุทรสงครามแล้วเลี้ยวซ้ายเข้าถนนเพชรเกษม เส้นทางหลวงหมายเลข 4 ผ่านจังหวัดเพชรบุรี แล้วเข้าสู่ตัวจังหวัดประจวบคีรีขันธ์ รวมระยะทางประมาณ 280 กิโลเมตร ใช้เวลาเดินทางประมาณ 3 ชั่วโมงครึ่ง ใช้เส้นทางสายเพชรเกษม ทางหลวงหมายเลข 4 ผ่านพุทธมณฑล นครปฐม ราชบุรี เพชรบุรี แล้วเข้าสู่จังหวัดประจวบคีรีขันธ์ รวมระยะทางประมาณ 320 กิโลเมตร ใช้เวลาเดินทาง ประมาณ 4 ชั่วโมง รถโดยสารประจำทาง บริษัท ขนส่ง จำกัด จากสถานีขนส่งสายใต้ ถนนบรมราชชนนี มีบริการรถโดยสารประจำทางสายกรุงเทพฯ-ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ กรุงเทพฯ-หัวหิน กรุงเทพฯ-ปราณบุรี และกรุงเทพฯ-บางสะพาน เป็นประจำทุกวัน ติดต่อสอบถามรายละเอียดเพิ่มเติมได้ที่ โทร. 02-435-1199-200 (รถปรับอากาศ) และ โทร. 02-434-5557-8 (รถธรรมดา)
วันเสาร์ที่ 2 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2555
Theatre
Theatre (in American English usually theater) is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music or dance. Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience.The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, “a place for viewing”) and θεάομαι (theáomai, “to see", "to watch", "to observe”).
Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theatre scholar Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing, and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts, literature, and the arts in general.
Theatre today includes performances of plays and musicals. Although it can be defined broadly to include opera and ballet, those art forms are outside the scope of this article.
The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated. It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia. Participation in the city-state's many festivals—and attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member (or even as a participant in the theatrical productions) in particular—was an important part of citizenship. Civic participation also involved the evaluation of the rhetoric of orators evidenced in performances in the law-court or political assembly, both of which were understood as analogous to the theatre and increasingly came to absorb its dramatic vocabulary. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism, acting as a career, and theatre architecture.The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play.
Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city-state.Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world), and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period.No tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived.We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.The origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institutionalised in competitions (agon) held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysos (the god of wine and fertility). As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama) playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; official records (didaskaliai) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced.Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology, though The Persians—which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE—is the notable exception in the surviving drama.When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of drama to survive. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics (c. 335 BCE).
Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy". Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster.
Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch".
Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans. The Roman historian Livy wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BCE, with a performance by Etruscan actors.Beacham argues that they had been familiar with "pre-theatrical practices" for some time before that recorded contact.[21] The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of Plautus's broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca. Although Rome had a native tradition of performance, the Hellenization of Roman culture in the 3rd century BCE had a profound and energizing effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of Latin literature of the highest quality for the stage.
Through the 19th century, the popular theatrical forms of Romanticism, melodrama, Victorian burlesque and the well-made plays of Scribe and Sardou gave way to the problem plays of Naturalism and Realism; the farces of Feydeau; Wagner's operatic Gesamtkunstwerk; musical theatre (including Gilbert and Sullivan's operas); F. C. Burnand's, W. S. Gilbert's and Wilde's drawing-room comedies; Symbolism; proto-Expressionism in the late works of August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen;and Edwardian musical comedy.
These trends continued through the 20th century in the realism of Stanislavski and Lee Strasberg, the political theatre of Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht, the so-called Theatre of the Absurd of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco, American and British musicals, the collective creations of companies of actors and directors such as Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, experimental and postmodern theatre of Robert Wilson and Robert Lepage, the postcolonial theatre of August Wilson or Tomson Highway, and Augusto Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed.
The earliest form of Indian theatre was the Sanskrit theatre. It began after the development of Greek and Roman theatre and before the development of theatre in other parts of Asia.It emerged sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the history of India during which hundreds of plays were written.[25Japanese forms of Kabuki, Nō, and Kyōgen developed in the 17th century CE. Theatre in the medieval Islamic world included puppet theatre (which included hand puppets, shadow plays and marionette productions) and live passion plays known as ta'ziya, where actors re-enact episodes from Muslim history. In particular, Shia Islamic plays revolved around the shaheed (martyrdom) of Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. Secular plays were known as akhraja, recorded in medieval adab literature, though they were less common than puppetry and ta'ziya theatre
Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theatre scholar Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing, and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts, literature, and the arts in general.
Theatre today includes performances of plays and musicals. Although it can be defined broadly to include opera and ballet, those art forms are outside the scope of this article.
Contents |
HistoryClassical and Hellenistic Greece
Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city-state.Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world), and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period.No tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived.We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.The origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institutionalised in competitions (agon) held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysos (the god of wine and fertility). As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama) playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; official records (didaskaliai) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced.Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology, though The Persians—which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE—is the notable exception in the surviving drama.When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of drama to survive. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics (c. 335 BCE).
Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy". Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster.
Roman theatre
Main article: Theatre of ancient Rome
Post-classical theatre in the West
Theatre took on many alternate forms in the West between the 15th and 19th centuries, including commedia dell'arte and melodrama. The general trend was away from the poetic drama of the Greeks and the Renaissance and toward a more naturalistic prose style of dialogue, especially following the Industrial Revolution.Through the 19th century, the popular theatrical forms of Romanticism, melodrama, Victorian burlesque and the well-made plays of Scribe and Sardou gave way to the problem plays of Naturalism and Realism; the farces of Feydeau; Wagner's operatic Gesamtkunstwerk; musical theatre (including Gilbert and Sullivan's operas); F. C. Burnand's, W. S. Gilbert's and Wilde's drawing-room comedies; Symbolism; proto-Expressionism in the late works of August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen;and Edwardian musical comedy.
These trends continued through the 20th century in the realism of Stanislavski and Lee Strasberg, the political theatre of Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht, the so-called Theatre of the Absurd of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco, American and British musicals, the collective creations of companies of actors and directors such as Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, experimental and postmodern theatre of Robert Wilson and Robert Lepage, the postcolonial theatre of August Wilson or Tomson Highway, and Augusto Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed.
Eastern theatrical traditions
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